California
California is the largest and most important wine growing region in the United States. It extends for two thirds of the west coast covering 10 degrees of latitude, with a topography at least as complex as its climate which allows the producers of the region a great deal of choice. California wines have only risen to international prominence in the last few decades but the nation's wine history begins more than 200 years ago. The European vine plants were introduced by the colonizers and missionaries who cultivated the Mission grape variety, today not very widespread but fundamental for the viticulture of Central and South America. In the first half of the twentieth century, the wine industry was severely hampered by wars, prohibition and the crisis known as the Great Depression, but since 1970 the producers gave birth to a lively and thriving recovery and today California is home to some of the largest companies around the world as well as small wineries able to fetch astronomical prices for their cult wines. California currently produces 90% of American wine, both red, white and sparkling wines. Among the main red grape varieties we find Cabernet Sauvignon, Pinot Noir, Merlot, Syrah and Zinfandel, while the white grape varieties include Chardonnay and Sauvignon Blanc. The robust American rootstocks are known around the world for their resistance to the fearsome phylloxera aphid. Various soils and climates arise from a plurality of factors such as altitude, latitude and proximity to the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean. In summer, the cold coastal waters help to create a fog bank that can also move towards the hinterland, cooling the surrounding area. The mountainous areas of the region limit the influence of the maritime climate. Mainly two climatic areas are established: the colder one near the coast, suitable for the cultivation of Pinot Noir and Chardonnay grapes, and the one in the hinterland where the climate is warmer and more suitable for the cultivation of Cabernet Sauvignon and Zinfandel, guaranteeing excellent results in both contexts.